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Battle of Le Transloy
The Battle of Le Transloy was the last offensive of the Fourth Army of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the 1916 Battle of the Somme in France, during the First World War. The battle was fought in conjunction with attacks by the French Tenth and Sixth armies on the southern flank and the Reserve/5th Army on the northern flank, against ドイツ語:''Heeresgruppe Rupprecht'' (Field Marshal Rupprecht of Bavaria) created on 28 August, from the 1st and 2nd armies of the dissolved ドイツ語:''armeegruppe Gallwitz-Somme'' and the 6th and 7th armies. General Ferdinand Foch the commander of ''groupe des armées du nord'' (Northern Army Group) and co-ordinator of the armies on the Somme, was unable to continue the sequential attacks by the Anglo-French armies achieved in September because persistent rain, mist and fog grounded aircraft, turned the battlefield into a swamp and greatly increased the difficulty of transporting supplies to the front over the few roads in the area and the land devastated since July.
The German 2nd and 1st armies on the Somme managed a recovery after the string of defeats in September, with fresh divisions to replace exhausted troops and more aircraft, artillery and ammunition diverted from the battle at Verdun and stripped from other parts of the Western Front. Command of the German Air Service (''Die Fliegertruppen'') was centralised and the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' (German Air Force) was able to challenge Anglo-French air superiority with the reinforcements and new, superior fighter aircraft, which further reduced the ability of the Anglo-French airmen to support the armies with artillery-observation and contact patrols, in the rare periods of clear weather. The German armies lost much less ground and had fewer casualties in October than in September (the costliest month of the battle) but the proportion of casualties increased from of the Anglo-French total. The reinforcement of the Somme front with troops and equipment from Verdun also contributed to the German defeat in the First Offensive Battle of Verdun (''1ère Bataille Offensive de Verdun'' and the loss of forts Douaumont and Vaux.
Rain, fog and mud was a lesser problem for the Germans who had to carry supplies forward over a much narrower beaten zone and were being forced back onto undamaged ground. German bombardments on the few roads between the original front line and the line established by October increased the difficulties of the Fourth and Sixth armies and during October the size and ambition of attacks was reduced progressively to local operations. The soldiers of the British, French and German armies endured miserable conditions, in which the Germans were able to keep going in the knowledge that the onset of winter would end the Somme offensive, despite the many extra casualties caused by illness. The British and French benefitted from superior numbers, which enabled the Allied commanders to relieve divisions after shorter periods in the line. Severe criticism of General Sir Douglas Haig and General Henry Rawlinson during and since the war, for persisting with attacks on October, was challenged in 2009 by Philpott, who put the British share of the battle into the context of strategic subordination to French wishes, Joffre's general Allied offensive and the continuation of French attacks south of Le Transloy, which had to be supported by British operations and by more knowledge of the ordeal inflicted on the German armies.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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